{"id":16999,"date":"2026-01-17T20:22:02","date_gmt":"2026-01-17T19:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/?p=16999"},"modified":"2026-01-17T20:22:04","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T19:22:04","slug":"atmosfera-atmosphere-atm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/atmosfera-atmosphere-atm\/","title":{"rendered":"Atmosf\u00e9ra (Atmosphere \u2013 ATM)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Atmosf\u00e9ra, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b atm, je jednotka tlaku \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed tlaku vzduchu nebo vody. Jedna atmosf\u00e9ra odpov\u00edd\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9mu tlaku na hladin\u011b mo\u0159e p\u0159i standardn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, co\u017e je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 101 325 pascal\u016f nebo 1,01325 baru. V pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se atmosf\u00e9ra pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k popisu tlaku, kter\u00e9mu je pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d vystaven v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch, a k v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016fm souvisej\u00edc\u00edm se spot\u0159ebou vzduchu, dekompresn\u00edmi limity a fyziologick\u00fdmi efekty. Jednotka atm umo\u017e\u0148uje snadno pochopit, jak se tlak zvy\u0161uje s hloubkou. Ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 m hloubky ve slan\u00e9 vod\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 1 atm tlaku. Na hladin\u011b je tlak 1 atm, v hloubce 10 m je 2 atm, ve 20 m je 3 atm a tak d\u00e1le. Tato znalost je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed ponor\u016f a pochopen\u00ed fyziologick\u00fdch proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v t\u011ble pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definice a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Atmosf\u00e9ra jako jednotka tlaku je konven\u010dn\u011b definovan\u00e1 referen\u010dn\u00ed hodnota odvozen\u00e1 od hmotnosti vzduchov\u00e9ho sloupce nad zemsk\u00fdm povrchem. Standardn\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak na hladin\u011b mo\u0159e p\u0159i teplot\u011b 15 \u00b0C je definov\u00e1n jako 1 atm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu jednotek SI nen\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ra ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed jednotkou. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed jednotkou tlaku je pascal (Pa). P\u0159esto se atmosf\u00e9ra v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed nad\u00e1le hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 prakti\u010dnosti a intuitivnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159evodn\u00ed vztahy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 atm = 101 325 Pa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 atm = 1,01325 bar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 atm = 14,696 psi (pounds per square inch)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 atm = 760 mmHg (milimetr\u016f rtu\u0165ov\u00e9ho sloupce)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 atm = 10,33 m vodn\u00edho sloupce (sladk\u00e1 voda)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 atm = p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 m vodn\u00edho sloupce (slan\u00e1 voda, aproximace)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V praktick\u00e9m pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148uje 1 atm s 1 bar, proto\u017ee rozd\u00edl je zanedbateln\u00fd pro rekrea\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely. Technicky je 1 bar = 100 000 Pa, tedy m\u00edrn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1 atm. Pro v\u011bt\u0161inu v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v rekrea\u010dn\u00edm pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je tento rozd\u00edl irelevantn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Absolutn\u00ed vs. manometrick\u00fd tlak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed rozli\u0161ujeme mezi absolutn\u00edm a manometrick\u00fdm tlakem. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je kritick\u00e9 pro spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty a bezpe\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Absolutn\u00ed tlak (ATA \u2013 atmospheres absolute):<\/strong> Celkov\u00fd tlak p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na t\u011bleso. Zahrnuje atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak na hladin\u011b plus tlak vodn\u00edho sloupce. Absolutn\u00ed tlak vyjad\u0159uje skute\u010dn\u00fd tlak, kter\u00e9mu je pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d vystaven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd vzorec pro mo\u0159skou vodu: ATA = (hloubka v metrech \u00f7 10) + 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hladina (0 m): 1 ATA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hloubka 10 m: 2 ATA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hloubka 20 m: 3 ATA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hloubka 30 m: 4 ATA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hloubka 40 m: 5 ATA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manometrick\u00fd tlak (angl. gauge pressure):<\/strong> Tlak m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd nad atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdm tlakem. <a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/potapecske-pristroje-manometry-a-konzole\/potapecske-manometry\/\">Manometry<\/a> na <a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/lahve-ventily-a-prislusenstvi\/\">pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch lahv\u00edch<\/a> ukazuj\u00ed manometrick\u00fd tlak. Kdy\u017e manometr ukazuje 200 bar, je skute\u010dn\u00fd absolutn\u00ed tlak v lahvi 201 bar (200 + 1 atm okoln\u00edho tlaku).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro fyziologick\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty a dekompresn\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat absolutn\u00ed tlak. Parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlaky plyn\u016f, rozpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dus\u00edku v tk\u00e1n\u00edch a dekompresn\u00ed algoritmy pracuj\u00ed s absolutn\u00edmi hodnotami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tlak a hloubka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vztah mezi tlakem a hloubkou je line\u00e1rn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 m vodn\u00edho sloupce p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 1 atm tlaku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento princip vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z hydrostatick\u00e9ho tlaku: P = \u03c1 \u00d7 g \u00d7 h<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>P = tlak<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03c1 = hustota kapaliny (vody)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>g = gravita\u010dn\u00ed zrychlen\u00ed (9,81 m\/s\u00b2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>h = hloubka<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro slanou vodu (hustota cca 1 025 kg\/m\u00b3) je zm\u011bna tlaku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 bar na 10 m. Pro sladkou vodu (hustota 1 000 kg\/m\u00b3) je zm\u011bna m\u00edrn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed \u2013 1 bar na 10,33 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V praxi se pro jednoduchost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 aproximace 10 m = 1 atm pro ob\u011b typy vody. Tento rozd\u00edl je zanedbateln\u00fd pro rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed do hloubek 30\u201340 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> V hloubce 30 m je absolutn\u00ed tlak 4 ATA. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vzduch v plic\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de m\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hustotu ne\u017e na hladin\u011b. Stejn\u00fd objem plic obsahuje \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce molekul vzduchu. Proto je spot\u0159eba vzduchu z <a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/lahve-ventily-a-prislusenstvi\/\">lahve<\/a> ve 30 m tak\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na hladin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vliv tlaku na lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zm\u011bny tlaku b\u011bhem ponoru maj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed fyziologick\u00e9 dopady na lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stla\u010diteln\u00e9 prostory:<\/strong> T\u011blo obsahuje dutiny napln\u011bn\u00e9 vzduchem. P\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b tlaku se objem t\u011bchto dutin m\u011bn\u00ed podle Boyleova z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boyle\u016fv z\u00e1kon: P\u2081 \u00d7 V\u2081 = P\u2082 \u00d7 V\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i konstantn\u00ed teplot\u011b je sou\u010din tlaku a objemu plynu konstantn\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se tlak zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed, objem se zmen\u0161\u00ed na polovinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i sestupu (zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vzduch v plic\u00edch, masce, st\u0159edn\u00edm uchu a dutin\u00e1ch se stla\u010duje<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Je nutn\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1vat tlak v masce (v\u00fddechem nosem) a u\u0161\u00edch (Valsalv\u016fv man\u00e9vr nebo jin\u00e9 techniky)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/neoprenove-obleky-a-prislusenstvi\/\">Neopren<\/a> se stla\u010duje, sni\u017euje se jeho izola\u010dn\u00ed schopnost<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i v\u00fdstupu (sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vzduch v dutin\u00e1ch se rozp\u00edn\u00e1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nutno vydechovat p\u0159i v\u00fdstupu, aby nedo\u0161lo k p\u0159etlaku v plic\u00edch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/bcd-zakety\/\">BCD \u017eaket<\/a> je nutn\u00e9 postupn\u011b vypou\u0161t\u011bt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed relativn\u00ed zm\u011bna objemu:<\/strong> Mezi hladinou (1 ATA) a 10 m (2 ATA) doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke 100% zm\u011bn\u011b tlaku. Objem se zm\u011bn\u00ed na polovinu. To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d jsou posledn\u00ed metry v\u00fdstupu nejkriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Mezi 40 m (5 ATA) a 30 m (4 ATA) je zm\u011bna pouze 20 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlaky plyn\u016f:<\/strong> Dalton\u016fv z\u00e1kon \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee celkov\u00fd tlak sm\u011bsi plyn\u016f je sou\u010dtem parci\u00e1ln\u00edch tlak\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vzduch obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 21 % kysl\u00edku a 79 % dus\u00edku (zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1me argon a stopov\u00e9 plyny pro pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely). Na hladin\u011b (1 ATA):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak kysl\u00edku (ppO\u2082) = 0,21 ATA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak dus\u00edku (ppN\u2082) = 0,79 ATA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V hloubce 30 m (4 ATA):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ppO\u2082 = 0,84 ATA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ppN\u2082 = 3,16 ATA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak dus\u00edku vede k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu rozpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dus\u00edku v t\u011bln\u00edch tk\u00e1n\u00edch podle Henryho z\u00e1kona, kter\u00fd \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed plynu rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho v kapalin\u011b je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 parci\u00e1ln\u00edmu tlaku tohoto plynu nad kapalinou. To je z\u00e1kladem pro vznik dekompresn\u00ed nemoci a pot\u0159ebu dodr\u017eovat bezdekompresn\u00ed limity nebo prov\u00e1d\u011bt dekompresn\u00ed zast\u00e1vky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vysok\u00fd parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak kysl\u00edku m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt toxick\u00fd. Proto techni\u010dt\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sm\u011bsi s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm obsahem kysl\u00edku (trimix) pro hloubky p\u0159es 40\u201350 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tlak a spot\u0159eba vzduchu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Spot\u0159eba vzduchu p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1vis\u00ed na absolutn\u00edm tlaku. To je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd faktor p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9lky ponoru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Minutov\u00e1 ventilace (angl. respiratory minute volume, RMV):<\/strong> Objem vzduchu, kter\u00fd spot\u0159ebujete za minutu na hladin\u011b p\u0159i norm\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivit\u011b. Typicky 15\u201325 litr\u016f za minutu pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de v klidu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Surface Air Consumption (SAC):<\/strong> Podobn\u00fd koncept jako RMV, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pro v\u00fdpo\u010det spot\u0159eby z lahve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdpo\u010det skute\u010dn\u00e9 spot\u0159eby:<\/strong> Spot\u0159eba na hladin\u011b \u00d7 absolutn\u00ed tlak = skute\u010dn\u00e1 spot\u0159eba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad: RMV na hladin\u011b: 20 l\/min Hloubka 30 m (4 ATA): 20 \u00d7 4 = 80 l\/min<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud m\u00e1te lahev s 200 bar a objemem 12 litr\u016f, obsahuje 2 400 litr\u016f vzduchu (200 \u00d7 12). V hloubce 30 m s RMV 20 l\/min: 2 400 \u00f7 80 = 30 minut teoreticky<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prakticky je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat s rezervou pro v\u00fdstup, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed zast\u00e1vku a mo\u017en\u00e9 komplikace. Re\u00e1ln\u00fd \u010das na dn\u011b by byl 15\u201320 minut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pou\u017eit\u00ed v dekompresn\u00edch v\u00fdpo\u010dtech<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dekompresn\u00ed tabulky a pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de pracuj\u00ed s absolutn\u00edm tlakem pro v\u00fdpo\u010det saturace a desaturace dus\u00edku v tk\u00e1n\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bezdekompresn\u00ed limity (angl. no-decompression limits, NDL):<\/strong> Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010das, kter\u00fd lze str\u00e1vit v ur\u010dit\u00e9 hloubce bez nutnosti dekompresn\u00edch zast\u00e1vek. NDL limity jsou krat\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hloubk\u00e1ch kv\u016fli vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu parci\u00e1ln\u00edmu tlaku dus\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklady NDL podle PADI RDP tabulek (zaokrouhlen\u00e9 hodnoty):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>10 m (2 ATA): 219 minut<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>18 m (2,8 ATA): 56 minut<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>30 m (4 ATA): 20 minut<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>40 m (5 ATA): 9 minut<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pozn\u00e1mka: Jin\u00e9 certifika\u010dn\u00ed agentury mohou m\u00edt m\u00edrn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 hodnoty podle pou\u017eit\u00fdch algoritm\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00edce\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9 ponory:<\/strong> Modern\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de sleduj\u00ed zm\u011bny hloubky a tlaku v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u010dase. Vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vaj\u00ed saturaci pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e9 kompartmenty s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi polo\u010dasy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i v\u00edce\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9m ponoru (nap\u0159\u00edklad 15 minut ve 30 m, pak 20 minut ve 20 m, pak 15 minut v 10 m) po\u010d\u00edta\u010d pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b upravuje NDL limity podle aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku a celkov\u00e9 saturace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tlak a nitrox<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nitrox je obohacen\u00fd d\u00fdchac\u00ed plyn s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm obsahem kysl\u00edku ne\u017e standardn\u00edch 21 %. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 sm\u011bsi jsou EAN32 (32 % O\u2082) a EAN36 (36 % O\u2082).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdhody nitroxu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak dus\u00edku = del\u0161\u00ed NDL limity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed celkov\u00e1 saturace dus\u00edkem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rychlej\u0161\u00ed desaturace mezi ponory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rizika nitroxu:<\/strong> Kysl\u00edkov\u00e1 toxicita p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch parci\u00e1ln\u00edch tlac\u00edch. Limit pro rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je ppO\u2082 = 1,4 ATA, pro technick\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a\u017e 1,6 ATA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed provozn\u00ed hloubka (angl. Maximum Operating Depth, MOD):<\/strong> Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubka pro danou sm\u011bs nitroxu. Vzorec pracuje s absolutn\u00edm tlakem (ATA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MOD = ((maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed ppO\u2082 \u00f7 % O\u2082) &#8211; 1) \u00d7 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad pro EAN32 s limitem 1,4 ATA: MOD = ((1,4 \u00f7 0,32) &#8211; 1) \u00d7 10 = 33,75 m<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro EAN36: MOD = ((1,4 \u00f7 0,36) &#8211; 1) \u00d7 10 = 28,9 m<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed MOD vede k riziku kysl\u00edkov\u00fdch k\u0159e\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt pod vodou fat\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tlak a technick\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Techni\u010dt\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pracuj\u00ed s daleko \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm rozsahem tlak\u016f a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi d\u00fdchac\u00edmi sm\u011bsmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hlubok\u00e9 ponory:<\/strong> Ponory p\u0159es 40 m vy\u017eaduj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed plynov\u00e9 sm\u011bsi. Vzduch nen\u00ed vhodn\u00fd kv\u016fli:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dus\u00edkov\u00e9 nark\u00f3ze (zvy\u0161uje se s tlakem)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kysl\u00edkov\u00e9 toxicit\u011b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vysok\u00e9 hustot\u011b plynu (zt\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trimix:<\/strong> Sm\u011bs kysl\u00edku, helia a dus\u00edku. Helium sni\u017euje narkotick\u00fd efekt a hustotu d\u00fdchac\u00ed sm\u011bsi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad trimix 18\/45 (18 % O\u2082, 45 % He, 37 % N\u2082) se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 typicky pro ponory do hloubek kolem 55\u201365 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dekompresn\u00ed ponory:<\/strong> Ponory p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed NDL limity. Vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 dekompresn\u00ed zast\u00e1vky na r\u016fzn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch (tlac\u00edch) pro bezpe\u010dnou desaturaci dus\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ilustrativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad dekompresn\u00edho profilu (konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zast\u00e1vky z\u00e1vis\u00ed na algoritmu a pou\u017eit\u00fdch plynech):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dno: 60 m (7 ATA) po dobu 20 minut<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dekompresn\u00ed zast\u00e1vky: 21 m, 15 m, 12 m, 9 m, 6 m, 3 m<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Celkov\u00fd \u010das dekomprese: 60\u201390 minut<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rebreathery:<\/strong> Uzav\u0159en\u00e9 nebo polouzav\u0159en\u00e9 d\u00fdchac\u00ed syst\u00e9my. Udr\u017euj\u00ed konstantn\u00ed parci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak kysl\u00edku (typicky 1,2\u20131,3 ATA) nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d r\u016fzn\u00fdmi hloubkami p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm \u010dist\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010di pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tlaku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hloubkom\u011br:<\/strong> M\u011b\u0159\u00ed hloubku, ze kter\u00e9 se odvozuje tlak. Modern\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/potapecske-pristroje-manometry-a-konzole\/potapecske-hloubkomery\/\">hloubkom\u011bry<\/a> pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed piezorezistivn\u00ed senzory. Star\u0161\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 hloubkom\u011bry pracuj\u00ed na principu Bourdonovy trubice nebo membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho mechanismu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manometr:<\/strong> Ukazuje tlak vzduchu v lahvi. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je rozli\u0161ovat mezi tlakem v lahvi a okoln\u00edm tlakem. <a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/regulatory-automatiky\/\">Regul\u00e1tor<\/a> sni\u017euje vysok\u00fd tlak z lahve (150\u2013200 bar) na okoln\u00ed tlak prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm dvou stup\u0148\u016f redukce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d:<\/strong> Kombinuje m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hloubky (tlaku), \u010dasu a teploty. Vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 saturaci dus\u00edku v tk\u00e1n\u00edch na z\u00e1klad\u011b aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho tlaku a historie ponoru. Modern\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de podporuj\u00ed multigas m\u00f3dy pro nitrox a trimix sm\u011bsi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kalibrovan\u00e1 hloubka vs. skute\u010dn\u00fd tlak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje jsou kalibrov\u00e1ny pro slanou vodu (hustota 1 025 kg\/m\u00b3). P\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b (hustota 1 000 kg\/m\u00b3) je skute\u010dn\u00fd tlak m\u00edrn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ukazovan\u00e1 hloubka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad: Ukazovan\u00e1 hloubka: 30 m Skute\u010dn\u00fd tlak ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b: 3,97 ATA (ne 4 ATA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento rozd\u00edl je zanedbateln\u00fd pro rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Dekompresn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed konzervativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup a po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed s ukazovanou hloubkou, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rezervu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed ve vysok\u00e9 nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce (horsk\u00e1 jezera) je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdm tlakem na hladin\u011b. Pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de maj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00f3dy pro nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161ku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Praktick\u00e9 tipy pro pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010de<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159eby vzduchu:<\/strong> V\u017edy po\u010d\u00edtejte s pravidlem t\u0159etin nebo polovin. T\u0159etina\/polovina vzduchu pro cestu tam, t\u0159etina\/polovina pro cestu zp\u011bt, t\u0159etina jako rezerva. Ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hloubk\u00e1ch (vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch tlac\u00edch) spot\u0159eba vzduchu roste rychleji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed hloubky:<\/strong> V\u011bnujte pozornost maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hloubce ponoru. I kr\u00e1tk\u00fd v\u00fdlet o 5 m hloub\u011bji m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b zkr\u00e1tit NDL limit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed zast\u00e1vka:<\/strong> Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed zast\u00e1vka na 5 m (1,5 ATA) po dobu 3\u20135 minut umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dnou desaturaci dus\u00edku. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 i pro bezdekompresn\u00ed ponory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kontrolovan\u00fd v\u00fdstup:<\/strong> Rychlost v\u00fdstupu maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 9 m\/min. P\u0159i rychlej\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdstupu m\u016f\u017ee dus\u00edk v tk\u00e1n\u00edch vytv\u00e1\u0159et bubliny rychleji, ne\u017e t\u011blo sta\u010d\u00ed eliminovat. Absolutn\u00ed zm\u011bna tlaku je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v m\u011bl\u010d\u00edch hloubk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tlaku:<\/strong> Za\u010dn\u011bte vyrovn\u00e1vat tlak v u\u0161\u00edch u\u017e p\u0159i prvn\u00edch metrech sestupu. Nikdy nesestupujte s bolest\u00ed nebo tlakem v u\u0161\u00edch. V opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b riskujete po\u0161kozen\u00ed u\u0161n\u00edho bub\u00ednku nebo vnit\u0159n\u00edho ucha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159evodn\u00ed tabulka tlakov\u00fdch jednotek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>ATA<\/th><th>bar<\/th><th>psi<\/th><th>kPa<\/th><th>m H\u2082O<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1<\/td><td>1,01<\/td><td>14,7<\/td><td>101,3<\/td><td>10,3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>2,03<\/td><td>29,4<\/td><td>202,7<\/td><td>20,6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>3,04<\/td><td>44,1<\/td><td>304,0<\/td><td>30,9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>4,05<\/td><td>58,8<\/td><td>405,3<\/td><td>41,2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>5,07<\/td><td>73,5<\/td><td>506,6<\/td><td>51,5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historick\u00fd kontext<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednotka atmosf\u00e9ra byla poprv\u00e9 definov\u00e1na v 19. stolet\u00ed. P\u016fvodn\u011b slou\u017eila jako referen\u010dn\u00ed tlak pro meteorologick\u00e9 a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se atmosf\u00e9ra za\u010dala pou\u017e\u00edvat s rozvojem modern\u00edho scuba vybaven\u00ed v polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed. Tehdy v\u011bdci jako Jacques-Yves Cousteau a \u00c9mile Gagnan vyvinuli prvn\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/product-category\/regulatory-automatiky\/\">regul\u00e1tor<\/a> s dvoustup\u0148ovou redukc\u00ed tlaku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prvn\u00ed dekompresn\u00ed tabulky vypracoval John Scott Haldane v roce 1908. Pou\u017e\u00edval tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e9 kompartmenty s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi polo\u010dasy saturace dus\u00edku. Modern\u00ed dekompresn\u00ed algoritmy st\u00e1le vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z Haldaneova modelu, i kdy\u017e s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi vylep\u0161en\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S p\u0159\u00edchodem elektronick\u00fdch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f v 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se v\u00fdpo\u010dty saturace a desaturace staly dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Dnes v\u011bt\u0161ina rekrea\u010dn\u00edch pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nam\u00edsto tabulek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Meta popis:<\/strong> Atmosf\u00e9ra (atm) je jednotka tlaku v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fdch 10 m hloubky p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 cca 1 atm. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pro v\u00fdpo\u010dty spot\u0159eby a dekomprese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PADI Open Water Diver Manual \u2013 Physics of Diving<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SSI Science of Diving Manual<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U.S. Navy Diving Manual Revision 7<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DAN (Divers Alert Network) \u2013 Pressure and Diving Physiology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00fchlmann Decompression Theory and Application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>EN 250 \u2013 Respiratory equipment for diving<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atmosf\u00e9ra, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b atm, je jednotka tlaku \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed tlaku vzduchu nebo vody. Jedna atmosf\u00e9ra odpov\u00edd\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9mu tlaku na hladin\u011b mo\u0159e p\u0159i standardn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, co\u017e je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 101 325 pascal\u016f nebo 1,01325 baru. V pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed se atmosf\u00e9ra pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k popisu tlaku, kter\u00e9mu je pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010d vystaven v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch, a k v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016fm souvisej\u00edc\u00edm&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/atmosfera-atmosphere-atm\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u010c\u00edst d\u00e1le &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Atmosf\u00e9ra (Atmosphere \u2013 ATM)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16270,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1295],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16999","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-slovnik"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Atmosf\u00e9ra (Atmosphere \u2013 ATM) - Soprassub<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/soprassub.com\/cs\/atmosfera-atmosphere-atm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Atmosf\u00e9ra (Atmosphere \u2013 ATM) - Soprassub\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Atmosf\u00e9ra, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b atm, je jednotka tlaku \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed tlaku vzduchu nebo vody. Jedna atmosf\u00e9ra odpov\u00edd\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9mu tlaku na hladin\u011b mo\u0159e p\u0159i standardn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, co\u017e je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 101 325 pascal\u016f nebo 1,01325 baru. 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